LRPS-RRO-2015- 9118185; In-depth Study on Violence against Children in Indonesia | ReliefWeb

1. Title of the assignment:

In-depth study of violence against children in Indonesia

2. Background and Justification

Although not sufficiently documented, violence against

children (‘VAC’) in Indonesia is a pervasive and widespread

violation of children’s rights and a public health concern

that requires in-depth study and address. Sexual, physical

and emotional violence occurs in the homes, schools and

communities of children throughout the whole country. Based

on available research, 40% of students aged 13-15 years

reported being physically attacked by peers in the past 12

months at school – one of the highest reported rates in the

world.[1] 50% of children reported bullying at school.[2] 56%

of boys and 29% of girls in institutions[3] reported

experiencing physical abuse.[4] Other studies on VAC are

limited in scope to cover only certain geographical areas. In

Papua Province, 91% of children aged between 2-14 years are

subjected to at least one form of psychological or physical

punishment by their caregivers; 26% are victims of severe

physical punishment.[5] A 2010 survey of five districts in

West Timor and East Nusa Tenggara Provinces revealed that

between 42 – 77% of children experienced physical violence

over a one-year period.[6] Albeit reliable and updated

national survey data on emotional violence, sexual violence

and neglect is not available, in 2014, 72% of children and

adolescents aged 10-24 years reported online that they had

witnessed some form of violence against children in their

lifetimes.

Despite these efforts, data on the overall situation of

violence against children is lacking. This Terms of Reference

(TOR) describes the rationale and main components of Stage 1

of a multi-stage approach to exploring and addressing the

drivers of violence against children in Indonesia to address

this data gap. The goal of the ToR is to translate research

and move it more effectively into the policy and practice

guidelines and implementation throughout Indonesia. UNICEF

calls this the Research to Policy and Practice Process (R3P),

based in part on the learning from theMulticountry Study

on the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children. This

study will ensure that findings from Indonesia inform the

growing global dialogue on what triggers violence and how

best to respond to it. The R3P provides a series of

methodologies to provide a road map to understanding violence

and how it operationalizes in society drawing on diverse

sources of information.

Confronted with growing global evidence on the incidence and

prevalence of violence, governments and policy makers are

asking:*What drives violence affecting children and what can

be done to address it?*Identifying and analyzing how

structural determinants – the social, cultural, economic,

legal, organizational and policy responses – interact to

affect everyday violence in children’s homes and communities

will identify causal pathways to better inform national

strategies and interventions for violence prevention and

response.This Study involves grounding within a comprehensive

literature review and secondary data analysis. Learning more

and unpacking the determinants if violence – focusing on

girls and boys at different stages of the life course. It

will build upon the work already being undertaken by UNICEF

Indonesia: a preliminary review of international “gray”

literature and selected academic articles, and an

interventions mapping. The overall study is intended to

contribute to national conversation on how to focus the

subsequent stages of the process, namely testing

interventions to prevent violence.

In 2015, the government of Indonesia and UNICEF agreed to

conduct a transparent and competitive process to solicit

partners to conduct this in-depth study. This activity is

reflected in the Multi-Year Workplan (MYWP) between UNICEF

and the Government of Indonesia and will engage academic,

NGO, government and UN partners as well as collaborate with

young people for their views and inputs.

3. Purpose of the assignment:

This Study will aim to serve as the foundation for a larger

process for understanding and addressing violence against

children in Indonesia. Researcher(s)—one principal

international and a small team will explore and unpack

different variables associated with violence to identify

areas for further exploration as well as gaps where evidence

is missing. A collaboration between an international academic

institution (e.g. university) and a local research

organisation or individual is preferable.

This process will be comprised of three components:

1) Academic systematic literature review which includes a

scoping of existing “grey literature” (informally published

written materials, such as research reports and briefing

papers that may be difficult to locate through conventional

literature searches);

2) Secondary analysis of existing selected datasets;

3) Interventions mapping of related prevention and response

efforts.

These three components will allow for the identification of

initial hypotheses around the drivers of or determinants of

violence. The results of this work will be used to guide

discussions on priority areas for further exploration or

interventions. The overall purpose of this assignment is to

inform policy and practice in Indonesia to better prevent and

respond to violence against children.

4. Scope of Work:

A team composed by an international and a local consultant

are currently conducting a preliminary interventions mapping

of efforts to prevent and respond to violence against

children, and a preliminary review of international “grey

literature” and selected academic articles on VAC in

Indonesia. Both outputs are expected to be delivered in April

2015. Therefore, the work to be carried out under the present

ToR shall build upon and complement the research that is

already being produced. This will include 4 phases:

4. 1. Literature Review

The literature review shall analyse several key international

databases such as: PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO (EBSCOhost),

CINAHL-ebsco, ERIC, EmBase Social Work, Abstracts and

SocIndex, to locate peer-reviewed journal articles about

violence affecting children in Indonesia. This search will

employ a mix of both free text and controlled vocabulary of

subject heading and keyword searches to identify articles

visa electronic databases. In addition articles shall be

reviewed from the following journals:

· Child Abuse and Neglect

· Child Maltreatment

· Child Abuse Review, and

· Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Articles that meet the inclusion criteria shall be read fully

and key information extracted into an Excel file. The review

report will build upon the preliminary literature review

already undertaken by UNICEF Indonesia, which covered a

selected number of articles from the above-databases.

4. 2. Grey literature review

It is expected that much of the research on violence

affecting children will be found in grey literature format.

Working with the national researchers, and building upon the

previously conducted international grey literature review

(above), a grey literature search strategy will be developed.

Such review is expected to focus mainly on national grey

literature available in local languages, and will include the

following components: -Reports and data from the National

Surveillance on Violence

-Report and data from NGO SWAGAA

-Outreach to INGOs and CBOs (including UNICEF country

office);

-Outreach to regional or national government sources;

-Identification and outreach to key field experts and other

researchers in the country;

-Outreach to other regional and international practitioners

and researchers;

-Search of local and international websites.

Grey literature that meets the inclusion criteria will

undergo the same rigorous data extraction process as the

journal articles (e.g. pulling out key information for the

study). This process will also include reviewing evaluations

that have been completed on any prevention and response

issues that address some aspect of violence against children.

4.3. Interventions Mapping

Interventions mapping is a critical component to the R3P. It

happens concurrently utilising the search strategies listed

for the literature review and the grey literature review.

This is currently being undertaken by a national consultant

who works in cooperation with an international consultant;

the goals of this mapping exercise are to: 1) gain a better

understanding of the existing and previous child maltreatment

prevention and response interventions in Indonesia; 2) map

which interventions have been evaluated, 3) understand the

theories of change and which drivers of violence the

interventions sought to address and 4) to identify potential

promising interventions for (re)design, implementation and

testing. The contractor is expected to review and update the

interventions mapping previously undertaken by UNICEF

Indonesia, to edit it up to publication standards and to

transfer information related to interventions into the R3P

mapping matrix (above).

4.4. Secondary Data Analysis

Working in collaboration with the national and international

teams, the principal consultant will include a robust

secondary data analysis of the existing national data sets,

guided by results from the literature review. National and

local studies completed over the last 10 years will be

collected by the national consultant in tandem with the

international consultant and then subjected to a set of

criteria to ascertain if the data is rigorous enough for

secondary analysis. A data analysis plan will be developed

and reviewed by UNICEF and the funder which will subsequently

be reviewed by Government counterparts. It is envisioned that

the data analysis will include a mediational analysis to

further explore the relationships of drivers to each other

and the impact of potential mediating factors on the

determinants of violence. In addition, a latent class

analysis shall also be conducted to better understand the

experiences of various groups. Mediational analysis is

context specific and will be driven by the components of

theories of change discovered during the literature review.

The secondary analysis will be integrated into the systematic

literature review and interventions mapping to explore more

in-depth specific drivers and/or the risk and protective

factors that affect children exposed to violence.

Institutions submitting bids for this TOR are requested to

submit a timeline and suggested workplan for the work along

the below phases: spread across 5 months as follows:

Task 1

Development of an overall inception report for the Study

Deliverable

An inception report including reference to:

· Internal briefings with the UNICEF office and national

steering committee (comprised of UNICEF, the government and

civil society representatives) established in Indonesia to

discuss timeline, deliverables and to gather a better sense

of policy and practice objectives for the study;

· The study design;

· Review of current literature (grey and published) to date;

· The data analysis plan;

Timeframe/duration

Within the first 2 weeks

Task 2

Progress report

Deliverable

A progress report on:

· The systematic literature review (including grey and

published literature);

· The secondary data analysis (of selected datasets); and

· Intervention mapping.

Timeframe/duration

Within 1 month of signature of contract

Task 3

Secondary data analysis

Deliverable

A draft secondary data analysis report, including:

· Finalise data extraction for the systematic review;

· Finalise intervention mapping

Timeframe/duration

Within 2 months of signature of contract

Task 4

Systematic literature review, intervention mapping and

secondary analysis finalisation

Deliverable

Draft systematic literature review, draft Intervention

Mapping and revised Secondary Data Analysis Reports

Timeframe/duration

Within 4 months of signature of contract

Task 5

Editing and finalisation of all research reports

Deliverable

Final Literature Review, Intervention Mapping and Secondary

Data Analysis Reports, fully edited and incorporating

relevant feedback from UNICEF and partners.

Timeframe/duration

Within 5 months of signature of contract

5.Reporting Requirements:

At the end of the consultancy period three research reports

will be available: i) Systematic Literature Review, ii)

Intervention Mapping, iii) Secondary Data Analysis. Time

permitting, these research reports will be combined into one

comprehensive analytical study. This study will be used to

inform national policy and programmes. All research must

follow APA style writing standards, with correct referencing,

English and table/ graphics formatting. Poorly edited reports

will not be accepted.
6. Methodology:

Please see the “Scope of Work” section above (section 4).

7. Timing/duration of contract:

Submitting organisations/ institutions should include a draft

workplan in their bid submission. All work is to be completed

within five months upon signature of contract.

8. Qualifications Required:

UNICEF seeks to partner with an international research

institution (with a lead international researcher/

consultant). This institution should submit a bid including

at least 1 national researcher and/or local academic

institution with whom to collaborate during the consultancy.

Qualifications of research team include:

· An established international research institution with the

ability to deliver a detailed research and analysis on

drivers of violence against children. The international

institution’s team profile will include expertise, knowledge

of and familiarity with child rights concepts, with

international children’s legislative frameworks, and with the

programming environment in relation to child protection;

· The international research team (including at 1

international team leader) will have a demonstrated ability

to write effectively in a highly engaging format accessible

to wider public and also policy makers on child protection

concerns. Previous experience of working with UNICEF on child

protection research is an asset. Examples of the proposed

team leader’s published works (reports, journal articles) to

be submitted with the proposal;

· The team leader within the international institution will

have an advanced university degree in social sciences with at

least eight years professional experience in the field of

social science research as well as current expertise in the

field of violence against children demonstrated through

up-to-date published reports and/or research.

· The proposal will include identification of at least one

national local consultant/ research organisation with

experience working with national datasets in the social

sectors (health, education, HIV, other) in Indonesia. Child

protection research expertise is an asset. The proposal will

include the specifics of how the international institution

will work with the local consultant/ organisation to

productively deliver timely results.